JP1000 Lecture 19

Sentence modifier: relative clause

Watashi wa kinoo hon o kaimashita.  --->watashi ga/no kinoo katta hon
Chichi wa kaisha ni tsutomete imasu.--->chichi ga/no tsutomete iru kaisha
Tomodachi wa kaette shimaimashita.  --->kaette shimatta tomodachi

Eega wa totemo omoshirokatta desu.  --->totemo omoshirokatta eega
Shiken wa itsumo muzukashii desu.   --->itsumo muzukashii shiken
Ryokoo wa amari tanoshiku arimasen. --->amari tanoshiku nai ryokoo

Gakusee wa Nihongo ga joozu desu.   --->Nihongo ga/no joozu na gakusee
Kodomo wa sakkaa ga suki desu.      --->sakkaa ga/no suki na kodomo

Akachan wa byooki desu.             --->byooki no akachan
Sensee wa Nihon-jin desu.           --->Nihon-jin no sensee
Ano hito wa mae isha deshita.       --->mae isha datta hito

     [Relative Clause]        |    Noun
               Verb           |    
               Adjective      |
               Adj. Noun-na   |
               Noun no        |

         (Watashi ga) san-ji ni au hito (wa Rinda-san desu.)
         (Watashi ga) hon o karita toshokan (wa koko kara chikai desu.)
         Sensee ga ii koosu (wa tanoshii desu.)
         Sashimi ga kirai na hito (wa tenpura o tabete kudasai.)
         Shushoo no Kuretien (o doo omoimasu ka.)

{Characteristics of Japanese relative clause}
  1. No relative pronouns
  2. Relative clause precedes head noun.
  3. Subject is marked by GA or NO.
  4. Some particles disappear.

Temporal clause 'when': TOKI

TOKI: 1) noun 'time', 'occasion'
      2) temporal connective 'when'
         Kanada ni tsuita toki kara Nihongo o benkyoo-shite imasu.
         Wakai toki no hanashi o yoku kikimasu.
         Shingapooru ni iru toki ni atta hito
         Benkyoo-suru toki wa toshokan ni ikimasu.
         Gohan o tabete iru toki, tomodachi kara denwa ga kakarimashita.
         Kyonen uchi ni kaetta toki, ani to hanashi o shimashita.

     [N.B.] ITSU "when" is used only for question. The use of TOKI is
             rather limited because TARA and TO are also used as temporal
             connectives.

TE-form + MIRU: 'try and see'

          Kono hon o yonde mimashita ga, yoku wakarimasen deshita.
          Konban wa sukiyaki o tabete mimasen ka.
          Ano hito ni michi o kiite mimashoo.
          Kono Kanji o kaite mite kudasai.

Counters: -too, -goosha, -bansen

     -too '-class/prize' : it-too, ni-too, san-too, ... nan-too
     -goosha 'car # -'   : ichi-goosha, ni-goosha, san-goosha, nan-goosha
     -bansen 'track # -' : ichi-bansen, ni-bansen, san-bansen, nan-bansen

Temporal connectives: MAE 'before', ATO 'after', TOKI 'when', AIDA 'while'

BEFORE

1. S1-ru MAE (ni) S2
        Terebi o miru mae ni, benkyoo-shimasu.
        Kanada ni kuru mae, Honkon ni sunde imashita.
2. S1-nai UCHI (ni) S2
        Tsumetaku naranai uchi ni, tabete kudasai.
        Wasurenai uchi ni, kaite okimashoo.

AFTER

1. S1-te KARA S2
        Ocha o nonde kara, eega o mimashita.
        Daigaku o sotsugyoo-shite kara, nani o shimasu ka.
2. S1-ta ATO (de) S2
        Supootsu o shita ato, biiru wa oishii desu.
        Sukoshi oyoida ato de, hirune o shimashita.

WHEN

1. S1 TOKI (ni)(wa) S2
        Arubaito o shita toki wa, totemo tsukaremashita.
        Kaeru toki ni, shirasete kudasai.
2. S1-ru TO S2
        Sake o nomu to, akaku narimasu.
        Soto ni deru to, yuki ga futte imashita.
3. S1 TARA S2
        Daigaku ni ittara, kurasu wa arimasen deshita.
        Nihon ni tsuitara, sugu tomodachi ni aimasu.

WHILE

1. S1-te iru AIDA (ni/wa) S2
        Basu o matte iru aida, hon o yonde imashita.
        Kodomo ga nete iru aida ni, shigoto o shimashita.
2. S1 Vn NAGARA S2
        Rajio o kiki-nagara benkyoo-shimasu.
        Tabe-nagara hanasanai de kudasai.
3. S1-te iru UCHI ni S2
        Kanji o kaite iru uchi ni, nemuku narimashita.
        Hanashite iru uchi ni, kuraku natte shimaimashita.

© Norio Ota 2000