JP2000 Lecture 33

CAUSATIVE

1. Form:

   [strong verb]    Vst+ ASERU
                    yom-aseru/kak-aseru/hanas-aseru/kik-aseru/wakar-aseru
   (alternate form) Vst+ ASU                                         
                    yom-asu/kak-asu/hanas-asu/kik-asu/wakar-asu
   [weak verb]      Vst+ SASERU                     
                    tabe-saseru/i-saseru/mi-saseru/oshie-saseru/ki-saseru
   (alternate form) Vst+ SASU                                        
                    tabe-sasu/i-sasu/mi-sasu/oshie-sasu/ki-sasu
   [irreg. verb]    saseru/kosaseru
   (alternate form) sasu/kosasu

   N.B.: RU-ending causative verbs are weak verbs and SU-ending ones are 
         strong verbs. Thus, there are two sets of conjugation for these 
         verbs. TE-forms are -sete and -shite respectively.

2. Structure:  
     NP1 {animate} wa/ga  NP2 {animate} ni  NP3  o     Vtr/caus
     NP1 {animate} wa/ga  NP2 {animate} ni/o           Vintr/caus

3. Meaning  : 'make/have/let someone do'

4. Usage    :

   1) 'Let me ...':
      Watashi ni ikasete kudasai.
      Kyoo wa sukoshi hayame ni kaerasete itadakitai n desu ga.
      Ima hima desu kara, watashi ni yarasete kudasai.

   2) Permissive:
      Kodomo ni piano o naraw yaritai to omotte nee.
      Jiroo ga ikitakereba, ikasete mo ii yo.
      Tsukarete iru yoo da kara, moo sukoshi nemurasete agetara doo desu ka.

   3) Coercive:
      Musume ni Nihongo o narawaseru tsumori desu.
      Kodomo ni heya o sooji-saseru no wa muzukashii desu.
      Akanboo o nakasenaide kudasai.

      N.B.:
          Kodomo | ni | kosasemasu.     [permissive]
                 | o  |                 [coercive]
  
          'have someone do': -te morau
             Otooto ni itte moratta.        vs.    Otooto o ikaseta.
             Kodomo ni tetsudatte moratta.  vs.    Kodomo ni tetsudawaseta.

TO CONDITIONAL

1. Structure:    S1-ru TO, S2

2. Meaning  :    conditional/temporal

3. Usage    :
  1) habitual action or event: 'whenever ...'
         Uchi ni kaeru to, taitee terebi o mimasu.
         Fuyu ni naru to, maitoshi kaze o hikimasu.
         Biiru o nomu to, itsumo kao ga akaku narimasu.
         Taitee uchi ni kaeru to, sugu shukudai o shite shimau.
         Mae wa benkyoo-suru to yoku nemuku natta.

  2) found something unexpected happen:
         Daigaku ni iku to, suto o shite ita.
         Sono keekaku ni tsuite hanasu to, sugu sansee-shite kureta.
         Hon o yonde iru to, kyuu ni denki ga kieta.

  3) wishing:
         Shiken ga dekiru to ii desu ne.
         Sotsugyoo-dekiru to arigatai n desu ga.
         Kyoo kite kudasaru to, tasukaru n desu ga.

  4) 'as soon as': to sugu
         Kyoo wa kaeru to, sugu shukudai o shita.
         Kurasu ga owaru to, sugu heya o deta.
   
4. Condition: S2 = statement [*request, *invitation, *permission,..]           
        *Yuki ga furu to, basu de itte kudasai.
        *Hima ga aru to, kaimono ni ikimashoo.

Temporal Connective: UCHI₂

1. Structure  :   S1  -nai UCHI ni, S2

2. Meaning    :   before [with a sense of suspense]

3. Usage      :
       Ame ga furanai uchi ni, kaerimashoo.
       Tsumetaku naranai uchi ni, tabete kudasai.
       Kuruma ga furuku naranai uchi ni, kaikaemashoo.
       
  N.B.:
        ??Tsumetaku naru mae ni, tabete kudasai. 
        [it implies that you know exactly when the food gets cold]

CONCESSIVE/WITH RESERVATION

1. Structure  :   X-nai KOTO wa nai (ga,  Y)

2. Meaning    :   "it is not that ... not ...(, but ...)"

3. Usage      :
       Dekinai koto wa nai n desu ga, jikan ga kakarimasu yo.
       Wakaranai koto wa nai n desu ga, zuibun muzukashii desu nee.
       Nai koto wa nai n desu ga, amari yoku arimasen yo.
       Undoo-shinai koto wa nai n desu ga, isogashikute nee.

   N.B.: This is a special case of X koto wa X  [cf. L.32]
         -wake de wa nai is also used for "it is not that ..."

ZUTSU

1. Structure: Quantifier + zutsu

2. Meaning  :   each

3. Usage    :
       Takai kara, sukoshi zutsu kaimashoo.
       Imooto to otooto ni hon o issatsu zutsu katte yarimashita.
       Uchi ni wa inu to neko ga ni-hiki zutsu imasu.
       Kanji wa mainichi itsutsu zutsu oboemasu.

  N.B.: The use of zutsu is rather limited. Goto ni is also used for "each".
         Hikooki wa ichi-jikan goto ni demasu.
         Daigaku goto ni ookina toshokan ga arimasu.

Basic Verbs