JP2000 Lecture 34
PASSIVE
1. Form:
[strong verb] Vst + ARERU
yom-areru/kak-areru/hanas-areru/kik-areru/shikar-areru
[weak verb] Vst + RARERU
tabe-rareru/i-rareru/mi-rareru/oshie-rareru/ki-rareru
[irreg. verb] sareru/korareru
N.B.
Passive verbs are weak verbs. The passive forms of weak verbs are equivalent
to the potential forms, although the -RERU version is becoming very common for
potential usage as in tabe-reru, mi-reru, kireru, on the analogy of the
potential forms of the -RU ending strong verbs such as kaer-eru, hashir-eru,
tomar-eru. Intransitive verbs can appear in the passive construction in
Japanese.
2. Structure:
[Regular Passive]
NP1{animate} | wa/ga | NP2{animate} | ni | Vtr/pass
Jon | | sensee | | home-rareta.
Yoshida-san | | shachoo | | yoba-reta.
[Adversative Passive]
NP1{animate} | wa/ga | NP2{animate} | ni | NP3 | o | Vtr/pass
Boku | | tomodachi | | tegami | | yom-a-reta.
Kare | | dooryoo | | shigoto| | tor-a-reta.
NP1{animate} | wa/ga | NP2{animate} | ni | Vintr/pass
Ano hito | | okusan | | nige-rareta.
Kanojo | | kodomo | | shin-a-reta.
Haha | | ame | | fur-a-reta.
[Variations]
NP1{(in)animate} | wa/ga | NP2{inanimate} | de | (NP3 | (o) | Vtr/pass
Sono uchi | | taifuu | | yane | o | tobas-a-reta.
NP1{inanimate} | wa/ga | NP2{indef/animate} | ni(yotte) | Vtr/pass
Kono hon | | oozee no hito | | yom-a-rete iru.
3. Meaning: NP1 be V-ed by NP2
Passive construction can be considered as a frame (of mind) in which the
subject or topic [NP1] is affected adversely by the action of
NP2 rather than a grammatical process in which the object of
the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
4. Usage:
1) Regular passive
Shachoo ni ashita Koobe ni iku yoo ni iwaremashita.
Gaijin ni Eego de michi o kikaremashita.
Nimotsu wa moo hikooki de Kanada ni okuraremashita.
Kono otera wa happyaku-nen mae ni tateraremashita.
Ano koojoo de wa mainichi kuruma ga nihyaku-dai mo tsukurarete imasu.
2) Adversative passive
Otooto ni kamera o tsukawaremashita.
Kyoo wa hisho ni kaisha o yasumarete komarimashita.
Sensee wa gakusee ni monku o iwarete komatte imasu.
Shiken no mae ni tomodachi ni korarete, benkyoo dekimasen deshita.
Uchi ni kaeru tochuu de ame ni furarete, bishobisho ni narimashita.
Sono wakai fuufu wa kodomo ni shinarete, kanashinde imasu.
Kono aida no taifuu de uchi o tobasareta hito ga takusan imasu.
N.B.: In Japanese adversative passive is dominant and regular passive is
limited in use. As passive sentences tend to be interpreted
adversatively, donatory verbs are used for non-adversative situation.
We were taught Japanese by Mrs. Saitoo.
*Saitoo-sensee ni Nihongo o oshieraremashita.
Saitoo-sensee ni Nihongo o oshiete |itadakimashita.
|moraimashita.
CAUSATIVE PASSIVE
1. Form:
[Strong verb]
Vst-a-sa-reru yomasareru/matasareru [Vst-a-su]
Vst-a-se-rareru yomaserareru/mataserareru [Vst-a-seru]
[Weak verb]
Vst-sase-rareru oboesaserareru/tabesaserareru/isaserareru
[Irreg. verb] saserareru/kosaserareru/ikasareru/ikaserareru
2. Structure: NP1 wa NP2 ni NP3 o V-caus-pass
3. Usage : 'NP1 is made to V NP3 by NP2
Kono kurasu de wa hon o takusan yomasaremasu.
Shuumatsu haha ni kaimono o saseraremashita.
Maishuu Kanji o gojuu oboesaseraremasu.
Kinoo wa yoru osoku made shigoto o saserareta.
Senshuu wa tomodachi ni sake o takusan nomasareta.
-INAI 'within, not more than' vs. -IGAI 'outside of, except for'
Isshuukan-inai ni kono shigoto o sumasete kudasai.
Mikka-inai ni kono uchi o denakereba narimasen.
Nihongo-igai ni donna gaikokugo o naraimashita ka.
Doyoobi-igai nara itsu de mo ii desu.
-IKA 'below, under, less than' vs. -IJOO 'above, more than'
Ichiman-en-ika nara katte mo ii desu.
Kurasu wa taitee nijuu-nin-ika desu.
Biiru wa ni-hon-ijoo nomu to kao ga akaku narimasu.
Koko no sensee wa hotondo juu-nen-ijoo oshiete imasu.
Counter -BAI 'times' ni-bai/san-bai/yon-bai..../nan-bai
Kotoshi wa gakusee no kazu ga ni-bai ni narimashita.
Nihongo wa Chuugokugo yori nan-bai mo muzukashii desu.
Counter -BANCHI 'lot'
ichi-banchi/ni-banchi/san-banchi....nan-banchi
© Norio Ota 2000
